Foundation waterproofing — not the same thing as damproofing

The wall is cured, cleaned and prepared

Concrete has to be cured enough and clean enough for anything to bond to it. Form ties are patched, honeycombing is filled, and the footing-to-wall joint — the single most common entry path in a poured foundation — is treated deliberately rather than sprayed over.

Watch for: A coating applied over a dusty, still-green wall on the same visit as the form strip. It will bond in patches and fail where it did not.

Damproofing or waterproofing gets chosen, on the record

Damproofing is a thin asphaltic coating that slows moisture transmission. Waterproofing means a membrane — sheet-applied and adhered, fluid-applied and cured to a real film thickness, or a bentonite panel — rated to resist liquid water and to span the small cracks that concrete develops as it shrinks.

Watch for: The word "waterproofing" used loosely in a bid where the line item is a sprayed asphalt emulsion. Ask which product, at what thickness, and whether the manufacturer describes it as waterproofing or damproofing. That answer is on the data sheet.

A drainage layer goes on the outside of the membrane

Dimpled drainage board or a rigid drainage composite creates an air gap and a vertical path, so water reaching the wall runs straight down to the footing drain instead of standing against the membrane and finding the one flaw in it. It also shields the membrane from the backfill.

Watch for: Drainage board omitted as a cost saving, or installed with the dimples facing the wrong way. Both are common and both are invisible the day after backfill.

The footing drain is installed with a real outlet

Perforated pipe sits beside the footing in washed stone, wrapped in filter fabric so soil fines do not silt it up, and pitched to somewhere — daylight on a sloping lot, or a sump if the ground will not cooperate. The drain is the part that makes the rest work.

Watch for: A footing drain with no stated destination on the drawings. A pipe that rings the house and terminates nowhere is a very expensive way to store water at the base of your wall.

Terminations, penetrations and the top edge are detailed

Every service that passes through the wall, every step in the footing, and the line where the membrane stops below grade are the places water actually gets in. These are detailed with the manufacturer's own flashings and sealants, not with whatever is on the truck.

Watch for: Sleeves and conduits sealed with generic caulk. Penetrations leak first, and they leak permanently, because nothing can be re-detailed once the trench is closed.

Backfill — the step that undoes the other five

Free-draining granular backfill against the wall, placed in lifts and compacted without slamming the membrane, keeps water moving down instead of ponding. Filling the trench with the wet clay that came out of it puts a saturated column of soil against the wall permanently.

Watch for: Backfilling with excavated clay, backfilling before the floor slab and framing brace the wall, or dropping fill straight from a bucket. Each can damage the assembly or the wall itself on the day it is buried.

Grading is set to send surface water away

The final grade slopes away from the wall for the first several feet, and the roof drainage is carried well past that. Below-grade waterproofing is designed to handle groundwater — it is not there to absorb an entire roof's worth of runoff every storm.

Watch for: Final grade left flat or dished toward the house by the landscaper months later. Whatever was built into the wall gets tested harder than it was ever meant to be.

It gets documented before it disappears

Photographs of the membrane, the drainage board, the footing drain and the outlet, plus the product data sheets and any warranty registration. Once the trench is closed, nothing about this assembly can be verified again without digging.

Watch for: No photographic record. This is the only building assembly you will ever own that becomes permanently unobservable — the documentation is the inspection.